By Fatimah Bintu Dikko

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is a pervasive issue in Nigeria, affecting millions of women, men, and children across diverse social, economic, and cultural backgrounds. This form of violence transcends geographical and educational boundaries, infiltrating both urban and rural communities. It includes a spectrum of acts such as rape, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and harmful traditional practices. Nigeria’s complex socio-cultural landscape, marked by patriarchal norms, economic inequality, and rigid gender roles, fosters an environment where SGBV thrives. This essay seeks to highlight the significant aspects of sexual and gender-based violence in Nigeria, examining its root causes, the impact on victims, and the responses of society and government.

*Root Causes of SGBV in Nigeria*

The roots of sexual and gender-based violence in Nigeria can be traced to deeply entrenched cultural attitudes and beliefs about gender roles. Patriarchy remains a critical factor, where men are often viewed as dominant and women as subordinate. This hierarchy not only normalizes violence against women but also perpetuates silence and stigma around the issue. Moreover, economic precarity contributes to SGBV; in many cases, women’s lack of financial independence constrains their ability to leave abusive relationships.

According to the National Population Commission, over 40% of women aged 15-49 have experienced some form of violence in their lifetime. Traditional beliefs and practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage, and widow inheritance, further exacerbate the vulnerability of women and girls, leading to a cycle of violence that is difficult to escape.

Impact on Victims

The consequences of sexual and gender-based violence are profound and multifaceted. Victims often experience short-term physical injuries and long-term psychological effects, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Women who suffer SGBV may face stigmatization from their families and communities, leading to social isolation and a loss of livelihood. Furthermore, SGBV can have serious repercussions on reproductive health, contributing to unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and even maternal mortality.

Children are not spared from the horrors of SGBV either. Many experience abuse within their homes or communities, which can lead to long-lasting emotional scarring and hinder their development. Additionally, boys who are victims of sexual violence often endure societal stigma, which discourages them from seeking help. The ripple effect of SGBV extends beyond individual victims, influencing families and entire communities while perpetuating cycles of violence across generations.

Current State of SGBV in Nigeria

Recent years have seen a troubling increase in reports of sexual and gender-based violence in Nigeria, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdowns and restrictions heightened the vulnerability of many individuals, trapped in homes with their abusers. Reports from various NGOs and UN bodies indicate that incidents of domestic violence surged during this period, reflecting the broader global trend of increased SGBV during crises.

Data from a survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics revealed that one in three women experienced domestic violence during the pandemic. Additionally, the rise of online harassment and exploitation during lockdowns highlighted the need for comprehensive measures to combat all forms of SGBV, including violence that occurs in digital spaces.

Legal Framework and Government Response

Nigeria’s legal landscape is fraught with challenges when addressing SGBV. Although various laws have been enacted, including the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act of 2015, implementation remains weak. Many states have not domesticated this law, and where it exists, inadequate resources and lack of political will hamper effective enforcement.

Furthermore, traditional justice systems often undermine formal legal processes, especially in rural areas where customary laws may contradict national regulations. Victims frequently encounter barriers when seeking justice, such as stigmatization, lack of access to legal assistance, and fear of retaliation from perpetrators. The police and judicial systems are often ill-equipped to handle cases of SGBV, resulting in low conviction rates and a pervasive culture of impunity.

Civil Society and Grassroots Movements

Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in addressing SGBV in Nigeria. Numerous NGOs and women’s rights groups work tirelessly to provide support services for victims, including counseling, legal assistance, and safe shelters. They also engage in awareness-raising campaigns to educate communities about the need to combat SGBV and challenge harmful gender norms.

Innovative programs, such as mobile helplines and community outreach initiatives, have emerged, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, to ensure that victims have access to support despite lockdown measures. Advocacy efforts aimed at the government have resulted in increased attention to SGBV, although sustained political commitment remains essential to effecting real change.

International Perspectives and Support

International organizations have recognized SGBV as a critical global issue, with Nigeria being a focus for various initiatives. The UN’s Spotlight Initiative, an effort aimed at eliminating violence against women and girls, has been active in Nigeria, supporting local organizations and promoting legislative reforms. However, the effectiveness of these interventions often depends on local engagement and the adaptability of global strategies to the specific cultural contexts in Nigeria.


In conclusion, Sexual and gender-based violence in Nigeria presents a grave threat to individuals and society, necessitating urgent and collaborative action. Addressing the root causes—patriarchy, economic inequality, and cultural beliefs—requires a comprehensive strategy that encompasses legal reforms, educational campaigns, and victim support systems. While progress has been made, the persistence of SGBV calls for a robust commitment from the government, civil society, and international partners to create a safer environment for all individuals in Nigeria. It is imperative that every citizen acknowledges their role in this fight,
respect and equality.